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This work aims at characterizing the mid-IR spectra of formamide in its pureform as well as in mixtures of the most abundant interstellar ices vialaboratory simulation of such ices, as well as demonstrating how theselaboratory spectra can be used to search for formamide in ice observations.Mid-IR spectra (4000 - 500 cm$^{-1}$, 2.5 - 20 $\mu$m) of formamide, both inits pure form as well as in binary and tertiary mixtures with H$_2$O, CO$_2$,CO, NH$_3$, CH$_3$OH, H$_2$O:CO$_2$, H$_2$O:NH$_3$, CO:NH$_3$, and CO:CH$_3$OH,are collected at temperatures ranging from 15 - 212 K. Apparent band strengthsand positions of eight IR bands of pure amorphous and crystalline formamide atvarious temperatures are provided. Three bands are identified as potentialformamide tracers in observational ice spectra: the overlapping C=O stretch andNH$_2$ scissor bands at 1700.3 and 1630.4 cm$^{-1}$ (5.881 and 6.133 $\mu$m),the CH bend at 1388.1 cm$^{-1}$ (7.204 $\mu$m), and the CN stretch at 1328.1cm$^{-1}$ (7.529 $\mu$m). The relative apparent band strengths, positions, andFWHM of these features in mixtures at various temperatures are also determined.Finally, the laboratory spectra are compared to observational spectra of low-and high-mass young stellar objects as well as pre-stellar cores observed withthe Infrared Space Observatory, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the JWST. Acomparison between the formamide CH bend in laboratory data and the 7.24 $\mu$mband in the observations tentatively indicates that, if formamide ice iscontributing significantly to the observed absorption, it is more likely in apolar matrix. Upper limits ranging from 0.35-5.1\% with respect to H$_{2}$O arecalculated. These upper limits are in agreement with gas-phase formamideabundances and take into account the effect of a H$_{2}$O matrix on formamide'sband strengths.

astronomy and astrophysics

The hunt for formamide in interstellar ices: A toolkit of laboratory  infrared spectra in astronomically relevant ice mixtures and comparisons to  ISO, Spitzer, and JWST observations