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The discovery of planets orbiting at less than 1 au from their host star andless massive than Saturn in various exoplanetary systems revolutionized ourtheories of planetary formation. The fundamental question is whether theseclose-in low-mass planets could have formed in the inner disk interior to 1 au,or whether they formed further out in the planet-forming disk and migratedinward. Exploring the role of additional giant planets in these systems mayhelp us to pinpoint their global formation and evolution. We searched foradditional substellar companions by using direct imaging in systems known tohost close-in small planets. The use of direct imaging complemented by radialvelocity and astrometric detection limits enabled us to explore the giantplanet and brown dwarf demographics around these hosts to investigate thepotential connection between both populations. We carried out a direct imagingsurvey with VLT/SPHERE to look for outer giant planets and brown dwarfcompanions in 27 systems hosting close-in low-mass planets discovered by radialvelocity. Our sample is composed of very nearby (<20pc) planetary systems,orbiting G-, K-, and M-type mature (0.5-10Gyr) stellar hosts. We performedhomogeneous direct imaging data reduction and analysis to search for andcharacterize point sources, and derived robust statistical detection limits. Of337 point-source detections, we do not find any new bound companions. Werecovered the emblematic very cool T-type brown dwarf GJ229B. Our typicalsensitivities in direct imaging range from 5 to 30 MJup beyond 2 au. Thenon-detection of massive companions is consistent with predictions based onmodels of planet formation by core accretion. Our pilot study opens the way toa multi-technique approach for the exploration of very nearby exoplanetarysystems with future ground-based and space observatories.

Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au