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The formation history of giant planets inside and outside the solar systemremains unknown. We suggest that runaway gas accretion is initiated only at amass of ~100 M_Earth and that this mass corresponds to the transition to a gasgiant, a planet that its composition is dominated in hydrogen and helium.Delaying runaway accretion to later times (a few Myr) and higher masses islikely to be a result of an intermediate stage of efficient heavy-elementaccretion (at a rate of ~10^-5 M_Earth/yr) that provides sufficient energy tohinder rapid gas accretion. This may imply that Saturn has never reachedrunaway gas accretion, and that it is a "failed giant planet". The transitionto a gas giant planet above Saturn's mass naturally explains the differencesbetween the bulk metallicities and internal structures of Jupiter and Saturn.The transition mass to a gas giant planets strongly depends on the exactformation history and birth environment of the planets, which are still notwell constrained for our Solar System. In terms of giant exoplanets, delayingrunaway gas accretion to planets beyond Saturn's mass can explain thetransitions in the mass-radius relations of observed exoplanets and the highmetallicity of intermediate-mass exoplanets.

On the mass of gas giant planets: Is Saturn a failed gas giant?