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The exoplanet population characterized by relatively short orbital periods($P<100$ d) around solar-type stars is dominated by super-Earths andsub-Neptunes. However, these planets are missing in our Solar System and thereason behind this absence is still unknown. Two theoretical scenarios invokethe role of Jupiter as the possible culprit: Jupiter may have acted as adynamical barrier to the inward migration of sub-Neptunes from beyond the watericeline; alternatively, Jupiter may have reduced considerably the inward fluxof material (pebbles) required to form super-Earths inside that iceline. Bothscenarios predict an anti-correlation between the presence of small planets(SPs) and that of cold Jupiters (CJs) in exoplanetary systems. To test thatprediction, we homogeneously analyzed the radial-velocity (RV) measurements of38 Kepler and K2 transiting SP systems gathered over almost 10 years with theHARPS-N spectrograph, as well as publicly available RVs collected with otherfacilities. We detected five CJs in three systems, two in Kepler-68, two inKepler-454, and a very eccentric one in K2-312. We derived an occurrence rateof $9.3^{+7.7}_{-2.9}\%$ for CJs with $0.3-13~M_{Jup}$ and 1-10 AU, which islower but still compatible at $1.3\sigma$ with that measured from RV surveysfor solar-type stars, regardless of the presence or absence of SPs. The sampleis not large enough to draw a firm conclusion about the predictedanti-correlation between SPs and CJs; nevertheless, we found no evidence ofprevious claims of an excess of CJs in SP systems. As an important by-productof our analyses, we homogeneously determined the masses of 64 Kepler and K2small planets, reaching a precision better than 5, 7.5 and 10$\sigma$ for 25,13 and 8 planets, respectively. Finally, we release the 3661 HARPS-N radialvelocities used in this work to the scientific community. [Abridged]

astronomy and astrophysics

Cold Jupiters and improved masses in 38 Kepler and K2 small planet  systems from 3661 HARPS-N radial velocities. No excess of cold Jupiters in  small planet systems