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Measurements of the quantity of radio-mode feedback injected by an activegalactic nucleus into the cluster environment have mostly relied on X-rayobservations, which reveal cavities in the intracluster medium excavated by theradio lobes. However, the sensitivity required to accurately constrain thedimensions of these cavities has proven to be a major limiting factor and isthe main bottleneck on high-redshift measurements. We describe a hybrid methodbased on a combination of X-ray and radio observations, which aims to enhanceour ability to study radio-mode feedback. In this paper, we present one of thefirst samples of galaxy clusters observed with the International LOFARTelescope (ILT) at 144 MHz and use this sample to test the hybrid method atlower frequencies than before. By comparing our measurements with results foundin literature based on the traditional method using only X-ray observations, wefind that the hybrid method provides consistent results to the traditionalmethod. In addition, we find that the correlation between the traditionalmethod and the hybrid method improves as the X-ray cavities are more clearlydefined. This suggests that using radio lobes as proxies for cavities may helpto circumvent systematic uncertainties in the cavity volume measurements.Encouraged by the high volume of unique ILT observations successfullyprocessed, this hybrid method enables radio-mode feedback to be studied at highredshifts for the first time even for large samples of clusters.

astronomy and astrophysics

Measuring cavity powers of active galactic nuclei in clusters using a  hybrid X-ray-radio method -- A new window on feedback opened by subarcsecond  LOFAR-VLBI observations