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We present a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) weak gravitational lensing study ofnine distant and massive galaxy clusters with redshifts $1.0 \lesssim z\lesssim 1.7$ ($z_\mathrm{median} = 1.4$) and Sunyaev Zel'dovich (SZ) detectionsignificance $\xi > 6.0$ from the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev Zel'dovich(SPT-SZ) survey. We measured weak lensing galaxy shapes in HST/ACS F606W andF814W images and used additional observations from HST/WFC3 in F110W andVLT/FORS2 in $U_\mathrm{HIGH}$ to preferentially select background galaxies at$z\gtrsim 1.8$, achieving a high purity. We combined recent redshift estimatesfrom the CANDELS/3D-HST and HUDF fields to infer an improved estimate of thesource redshift distribution. We measured weak lensing masses by fitting thetangential reduced shear profiles with spherical Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW)models. We obtained the largest lensing mass in our sample for the clusterSPT-CLJ2040$-$4451, thereby confirming earlier results that suggest a highlensing mass of this cluster compared to X-ray and SZ mass measurements.Combining our weak lensing mass constraints with results obtained by previousstudies for lower redshift clusters, we extended the calibration of the scalingrelation between the unbiased SZ detection significance $\zeta$ and the clustermass for the SPT-SZ survey out to higher redshifts. We found that the massscale inferred from our highest redshift bin ($1.2 < z < 1.7$) is consistentwith an extrapolation of constraints derived from lower redshifts, albeit withlarge statistical uncertainties. Thus, our results show a similar tendency asfound in previous studies, where the cluster mass scale derived from the weaklensing data is lower than the mass scale expected in a Planck $\nu\Lambda$CDM(i.e. $\nu$ $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter) cosmology given the SPT-SZ clusternumber counts.

astronomy and astrophysics

Extending empirical constraints on the SZ-mass scaling relation to  higher redshifts via HST weak lensing measurements of nine clusters from the  SPT-SZ survey at $z\gtrsim1$