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Aims. To create a retrieval framework which encapsulates the 3D nature ofexoplanet atmospheres, and to apply it to observed emission phase curve andtransmission spectra of hot Jupiter exoplanet WASP-43b. Methods. We present our3D framework, which is freely available as a stand-alone module from GitHub. Weuse the atmospheric modelling and Bayesian retrieval package ARCiS (ARtfulmodelling Code for exoplanet Science) to perform 8 3D retrievals onsimultaneous transmission (HST/WFC3) and phase-dependent emission (HST/WFC3,Spitzer/IRAC) observations of WASP-43b as a case study. We assess how inputassumptions affect our retrieval outcomes. In particular we look atconstraining equilibrium chemistry vs a free molecular retrieval, the case ofno clouds vs parametrised clouds, and using Spitzer phase data that have beenreduced from two different literature sources. For the free chemistryretrievals, we retrieve abundances of H2O, CH4, CO, CO2, AlO, and NH3 as afunction of phase, with many more species considered for the equilibriumchemistry retrievals. Results. We find consistent super-solar C/O (0.6-0.9) andsuper-solar metallicities (1.7-2.9 dex) for all retrieval setups that assumeequilibrium chemistry. Atmospheric heat distribution, hotspot shift (15.6 vs4.5 for different Spitzer datasets), and temperature structure are influencedby the Spitzer emission phase data. Comparisons are made with other studies ofWASP-43b, including available GCM simulations. Conclusions. The parametrised 3Dsetup we have developed provides a valuable tool to analyse extensiveobservational datasets such as spectroscopic phase curves. Near-futureobservations with missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) andAriel will greatly improve our understanding of the atmospheres of exoplanetssuch as WASP-43b.

Exoplanet atmosphere retrievals in 3D using phase curve data with ARCiS: application to WASP-43b