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Ground-based, high-resolution spectrographs are providing us with anunprecedented view of the dynamics and chemistry of the atmospheres of planetsoutside the Solar System. While there is a large number of stable and precisehigh-resolution spectrographs on modest-size telescopes, it is thespectrographs at observatories with apertures larger than 3.5 metres thatdominate the atmospheric follow-up of exoplanets. In this work, we explore thepotential of characterising exoplanetary atmospheres with FIES, ahigh-resolution spectrograph at the 2.56 metre Nordic Optical Telescope. Weobserved two transits of MASCARA-2 b (also known as KELT-20 b) and one transitof KELT-9 b to search for atomic iron, a species that has been recentlydiscovered in both neutral and ionised forms in the atmospheres of theseultra-hot Jupiters using large telescopes. Using a cross-correlation method, wedetect a signal of Fe II at the $4.5\sigma$ and $4.0\sigma$ level in thetransits of MASCARA-2 b. We also detect Fe II in the transit of KELT-9 b at the$8.5\sigma$ level. Although we do not find any significant Doppler shift in thesignal of MASCARA-2 b, we do measure a moderate blueshift (3-6 km/s) of thefeature in KELT-9 b, which might be a manifestation of high-velocity windstransporting Fe II from the planetary dayside to the nightside. Our workdemonstrates the feasibility of investigating exoplanet atmospheres with FIES,potentially unlocking a wealth of additional atmosphere detections with thisand other high-resolution spectrographs mounted on similar-size telescopes.

Exoplanet atmospheres at high resolution through a modest-size telescope. Fe II in MASCARA-2b and KELT-9b with FIES on the Nordic Optical Telescope