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Understanding convection in red supergiants and the mechanisms that triggerthe mass loss from these evolved stars are the general goals of mostobservations of Betelgeuse and its inner circumstellar environment. Linearspectropolarimetry of the atomic lines of the spectrum of Betelgeuse revealsinformation about the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of brightness in itsatmosphere. We model the distribution of plasma and its velocities and useinversion algorithms to fit the observed linear polarization. We obtain thefirst 3D images of the photosphere of Betelgeuse. Within the limits of the usedapproximations, we recover vertical convective flows and measure the velocityof the rising plasma at different heights in the photosphere. In several cases,we find this velocity to be constant with height, indicating the presence offorces other than gravity acting on the plasma and counteracting it. In somecases, these forces are sufficient to maintain plasma rising at 60\,\kms toheights where this velocity is comparable to the escape velocity. Forces arepresent in the photosphere of Betelgeuse that allow plasma to reach velocitiesclose to the escape velocity. These mechanisms may suffice to trigger mass lossand sustain the observed large stellar winds of these evolved stars.

Three-dimensional imaging of convective cells in the photosphere of Betelgeuse