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We characterize the magnetic activity of M dwarfs to provide the planetcommunity with information on the energy input from the star; in particular, inaddition to the frequency of optical flares directly observed with TESS, we aimat estimating the corresponding X-ray flare frequencies, making use of thesmall pool of known events observed simultaneously in both wavebands. Weidentified 112 M dwarfs with a TESS magnitude <= 11.5 for which TESS can probethe full habitable zone for transits. These 112 stars have 1276 two-minutecadence TESS light curves from the primary mission, which we searched forrotational modulation and flares. We study the link between rotation and flaresand between flare properties, for example the flare amplitude-duration relationand cumulative flare energy frequency distributions (FFDs). Assuming that eachoptical flare is associated with a flare in the X-ray band, and making use ofpublished simultaneous Kepler/K2 and XMM-Newton flare studies, we estimate theX-ray energy released by our detected TESS flare events. Our calibration alsoinvolves the relation between flare energies in the TESS and K2 bands. Wedetected more than 2500 optical flare events on a fraction of about 32% of ourtargets and found reliable rotation periods only for 12 stars, which is afraction of about 11%. For these 12 targets, we present cumulative FFDs and FFDpower law fits. We construct FFDs in the X-ray band by calibrating opticalflare energies to the X-rays. In the absence of directly observed X-ray FFDsfor main-sequence stars, our predictions can serve for estimates of thehigh-energy input to the planet of a typical fast-rotating early- or mid-Mdwarf.

Flares and rotation of M dwarfs with habitable zones accessible to TESS planet detections