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Current exoplanet surveys using the radial velocity (RV) technique aretargeting M dwarfs because any habitable zone terrestrial-mass planets willinduce a high RV and orbit on shorter periods than for more massive stars. Oneof the main caveats is that M dwarfs show a wide range of activity levels frominactive to very active, which can induce an asymmetry in the line profilesand, consequently, a spurious RV measurement. We aim to benchmark the impact ofstellar activity on high-precision RV measurements using regular-cadenceCARMENES visible and near-infrared observations of the active M3.5 dwarf EVLac. We used the newly developed technique of low-resolution Doppler imaging todetermine the centre-of-light, or spot-induced RV component, for eightobservational epochs. We confirm a statistically significant and strongcorrelation between the independently measured centre-of-light and thechromatic index, which is a measure of the amplitude variation with wavelengthof the RVs. We also find circular closed-loop relations of several activityindices with RV for a subset of data that covers only several rotation periods.We also investigate the implications of large phase gaps in the periodograms ofactivity indicators. Finally, by removing the spot-induced RV component weimprove the planet-mass sensitivity by a factor of at least three. We concludethat for active M stars, a regular-cadence observing strategy is the mostefficient way to identify and eliminate sources of correlated noise.

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Benchmarking the impact of activity in high-precision radial velocity measurements