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Transit timing variations (TTVs) can provide useful information for systemsobserved by transit, as they allow us to put constraints on the masses andeccentricities of the observed planets, or even to constrain the existence ofnon-transiting companions. However, TTVs can also act as a detection bias thatcan prevent the detection of small planets in transit surveys that wouldotherwise be detected by standard algorithms such as the Boxed Least Squarealgorithm (BLS) if their orbit was not perturbed. This bias is especiallypresent for surveys with a long baseline, such as Kepler, some of the TESSsectors, and the upcoming PLATO mission. Here we introduce a detection methodthat is robust to large TTVs, and illustrate its use by recovering andconfirming a pair of resonant super-Earths with ten-hour TTVs aroundKepler-1705. The method is based on a neural network trained to recover thetracks of low-signal-to-noise-ratio(S/N) perturbed planets in river diagrams.We recover the transit parameters of these candidates by fitting the lightcurve. The individual transit S/N of Kepler-1705b and c are about three timeslower than all the previously known planets with TTVs of 3 hours or more,pushing the boundaries in the recovery of these small, dynamically activeplanets. Recovering this type of object is essential for obtaining a completepicture of the observed planetary systems, and solving for a bias not oftentaken into account in statistical studies of exoplanet populations. Inaddition, TTVs are a means of obtaining mass estimates which can be essentialfor studying the internal structure of planets discovered by transit surveys.Finally, we show that due to the strong orbital perturbations, it is possiblethat the spin of the outer resonant planet of Kepler-1705 is trapped in a sub-or super-synchronous spin-orbit resonance.

astronomy and astrophysics

Alleviating the transit timing variation bias in transit surveys. I.  RIVERS: Method and detection of a pair of resonant super-Earths around  Kepler-1705