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In order to understand the evolution and feedback of Active Galactic Nuclei(AGN) and star formation it is important to use molecular lines as probes ofphysical conditions and chemistry. We use H$_{2}$S to investigate the impact ofstarburst and AGN activity on the chemistry of the molecular interstellarmedium in luminous infrared galaxies. Using the APEX single dish telescope, wehave observed the $1_{10}$--$1_{01}$ transition of ortho-H$_{2}$S at 168 GHztowards the centres of twelve nearby luminous infrared galaxies. We have alsoobserved the same line towards the ultra luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG)Mrk~231 with the NOEMA interferometer. We have detected H$_{2}$S towardsNGC~253, NGC~1068, NGC~3256, NGC~4418, NGC~4826, NGC~4945, Circinus, M~83 andMrk~231. Four galaxies show elevated H$_{2}$S emission relative to HCN. Wesuggest that the high line ratios are caused by elevated H$_{2}$S abundances inthe dense gas. However, we do not find any clear connection between theH$_{2}$S/HCN line intensity ratio, and the presence (or speed) of molecularoutflows in the sample galaxies. Therefore H$_{2}$S abundances do not seem tobe globally affected by the large-scale outflows. We discuss possiblemechanisms behind the suggested H$_{2}$S abundance enhancements in NGC~4418,Circinus, NGC~3256 and NGC~4826. These include radiative processes (for exampleX-rays or cosmic-rays) or smaller scale shocks. We suggest that$L_{\mathrm{H_{2}S}}$ serves as a tracer of the dense gas content, similar to$L_{\mathrm{HCN}}$, and that the correlation between $L_{\mathrm{H_{2}S}}$ and$M_{\rm outflow}$(H$_2$) implies a relation between the dense gas reservoir andthe properties and evolution of the molecular feedback. This potential linkrequires further study since it holds important keys to our understanding ofhow the properties of molecular outflows relate to that of their host galaxies.

astronomy and astrophysics

APEX and NOEMA observations of H$_{2}$S in nearby luminous galaxies and  the ULIRG Mrk~231 -- Is there a relation between dense gas properties and  molecular outflows?