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(abridged) Observations of exoplanets indicate the existence of severalcorrelations in the architecture of planetary systems. Exoplanets within asystem tend to be of similar size and mass, evenly spaced, and are oftenordered in size and mass. Small planets are frequently packed in tightconfigurations, while large planets often have wider orbital spacing. Together,these correlations are called the peas in a pod trends in the architecture ofplanetary systems. In this paper these trends are investigated in theoreticallysimulated planetary systems and compared with observations. Whether thesecorrelations emerge from astrophysical processes or the detection biases of thetransit method is examined. Synthetic planetary system were simulated using theGeneration III Bern Model. KOBE, a new computer code, simulates the geometricallimitations of the transit method and applies the detection biases andcompleteness of the Kepler survey. This allows simulated planetary systems tobe compared with observations.  The architecture of synthetic planetary systems, observed via KOBE, show thepeas in a pod trends in good agreement with observations. These correlationsare also present in the theoretical underlying population, from the Bern Model,indicating that these trends are probably of astrophysical origin. The physicalprocesses involved in planet formation are responsible for the emergence ofevenly spaced planets with similar sizes and masses. The size--mass similaritytrends are primordial and originate from the oligarchic growth ofprotoplanetary embryos and the uniform growth of planets at early times. Laterstages in planet formation allows planets within a system to grow at differentrates, thereby decreasing these correlations. The spacing and packingcorrelations are absent at early times and arise from dynamical interactions.

astronomy and astrophysics

The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VI.  Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets. Theoretical perspectives  on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod