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Thermal-infrared measurements of asteroids are crucial for deriving theobjects' sizes, albedos, and also the thermophysical properties of the surfacematerial. Depending on the available data, a range of simple to complex thermalmodels are applied to achieve specific science goals. However, testing thesemodels is often a difficult process and the uncertainties of the derivedparameters are not easy to estimate. Here, we make an attempt to verify awidely accepted thermophysical model (TPM) against unique thermal infrared(IR), full-disk, and well-calibrated measurements of the Moon. The data wereobtained by the High-resolution InfraRed Sounder (HIRS) instruments on board afleet of Earth weather satellites that serendipitously scan over the Moon. Wefound 22 Moon intrusions, taken in 19 channels between 3.75 micron and 15.0micron, and over a wide phase angle range from -73.1 deg to +73.8 deg. Thesimilarity between these Moon data and typical asteroid spectral-IR energydistributions allows us to benchmark the TPM concepts and to point outproblematic aspects. The TPM predictions match the HIRS measurements within 5%(10% at the shortest wavelengths below 5 micron when using the Moon's knownproperties (size, shape, spin, albedo, thermal inertia, roughness) incombination with a newly established wavelength-dependent hemisphericalemissivity. In the 5-7.5 micron and in the 9.5 to 11 micron ranges, the globalemissivity model deviates considerably from the known lunar sample spectra. Ourfindings will influence radiometric studies of near-Earth and main-beltasteroids in cases where only short-wavelength data (from e.g., NEOWISE, thewarm Spitzer mission, or ground-based M-band measurements) are available. Thenew, full-disk IR Moon model will also be used for the calibration of IRinstrumentation on interplanetary missions (e.g., for Hayabusa-2) and weathersatellites.

The Moon at thermal infrared wavelengths: A benchmark for asteroid thermal models