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Ultra-hot Jupiters are the hottest close-in exoplanets discovered so far, andpresent a unique possibility to explore hot and cold chemistry on one object.The tidally locked ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b has a day/night temperaturedifference of ~ 2500K, confining cloud formation to the nightside and efficientionisation to the dayside. Both have distinct observational signatures. Weanalyse plasma and magnetic processes in the atmosphere of the ultra-hotJupiter HAT-P-7b to investigate the formation of a thermal ionosphere and thepossibility of magnetically coupling the atmospheric gas as the base for anextended exosphere. We show which ions and atoms may be used as spectraltracers, and if and where conditions for lightning may occur within the cloudsof HAT-P-7b, evaluate characteristic plasma and magnetic coupling parameters,and a LTE radiative transfer is solved for the ionised gas phase. Theionisation throughout HAT-P-7b's atmosphere varies drastically between day- andnightside. The dayside has high levels of thermal ionisation and long-rangeelectromagnetic interactions dominate over kinetic electron-neutralinteractions, suggesting a day-night difference in magnetic coupling. K+, Na+,Li+, Ca+, and Al+ are more abundant than their atomic counterparts on thedayside. The minimum magnetic flux density for electrons for magnetic couplingis B<0.5G for all regions of HAT-P-7b's atmosphere. HAT-P-7b's dayside has anasymmetric ionosphere that extends deep into the atmosphere, the nightside hasno thermally driven ionosphere. A corresponding asymmetry is imprinted in theion/neutral composition at the terminators. The ionosphere on HAT-P-7b may bedirectly traced by the Ca+ H&K lines if the local temperature is > 5000K. Thewhole atmosphere may couple to a global, large-scale magnetic field, andlightning may occur on the nightside.

astronomy and astrophysics

Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the  ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b: III. Changing ionisation and the emergence of an  ionosphere