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Context. Near- and mid-infrared observations have revealed the presence oforganic refractory materials in the solar system, in cometary nuclei and on thesurface of centaurs, Kuiper-belt and trans-neptunian objects. In theseastrophysical environments, organic materials can be formed because of theinteraction of frozen volatile compounds with cosmic rays, stellar/solarparticles, and favoured by thermal processing. The analysis of laboratoryanalogues of such materials gives information on their properties,complementary to observations. Aims. We present new experiments to contributein the understanding of the chemical composition of organic refractorymaterials in space. Methods. We bombard frozen water, methanol and ammoniamixtures with 40 keV H$^+$ and we warm the by-products up to 300~K. Theexperiments allow the production of organic residues that we analyse by meansof infrared spectroscopy and by Very High Resolution Mass Spectrometry to studytheir chemical composition and their high molecular diversity, including thepresence of hexamethylenetetramine and its derivatives. Results. We find thatthe accumulated irradiation dose plays a role in determining the residue'scomposition. Conslusions. Based on the laboratory doses, we estimate theastrophysical timescales to be short enough to induce an efficient formation oforganic refractory materials at the surface of icy bodies in the outer solarsystem.

Irradiation dose affects the composition of organic refractory materials in space: Results from laboratory analogues