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Context. High-resolution spectroscopy in the near-infrared (NIR) is apowerful tool for characterising the physical and chemical properties ofcool-star atmospheres. The current generation of NIR echelle spectrographsenables the sampling of many spectral features over the full 0.9-2.4 {\mu}mrange for a detailed chemical tagging. Aims. Within the Stellar PopulationAstrophysics Large Program at the TNG, we used a high-resolution (R=50000) NIRspectrum of Arcturus acquired with the GIANO-B echelle spectrograph as alaboratory to define and calibrate an optimal line list and new diagnostictools to derive accurate stellar parameters and chemical abundances. Methods.We inspected several hundred NIR atomic and molecular lines to deriveabundances of 26 different chemical species, including CNO, iron-group, alpha,Z-odd, and neutron-capture elements. We then performed a similar analysis inthe optical using Arcturus VLT-UVES spectra. Results. Through the combined NIRand optical analysis we defined a new thermometer and a new gravitometer forgiant stars, based on the comparison of carbon (for the thermometer) and oxygen(for the gravitometer) abundances, as derived from atomic and molecular lines.We then derived self-consistent stellar parameters and chemical abundances ofArcturus over the full 4800 - 24500 {\AA} spectral range and compared them withprevious studies in the literature. We finally discuss a number of problematiclines that may be affected by deviations from thermal equilibrium and/orchromospheric activity, as traced by the observed variability of He I at 10830{\AA}.

Stellar population astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG -- The Arcturus Lab