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We discuss the new surprising observational results that indicate quiteconvincingly that the prompt emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) is due tosynchrotron radiation produced by a particle distribution that has a low energycut-off. The evidence of this is provided by the low energy part of thespectrum of the prompt emission, that shows the characteristic F(nu) \proptonu^(1/3) shape followed by F(nu) \propto nu^(-1/2) up to the peak frequency.This implies that although the emitting particles are in fast cooling, they donot cool completely. This poses a severe challenge to the basic ideas about howand where the emission is produced, because the incomplete cooling requires asmall value of the magnetic field, to limit synchrotron cooling, and a largeemitting region, to limit the self-Compton cooling, even consideringKlein-Nishina scattering effects. Some new and fundamental ingredient isrequired for understanding the GRBs prompt emission. We proposeproton-synchrotron as a promising mechanism to solve the incomplete coolingpuzzle.

Proton-synchrotron as the radiation mechanism of the prompt emission of GRBs?