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We report the discovery of a high-redshift, massive molecular outflow in thestarburst galaxy SPT0346-52 ($z=5.656$) via the detected absorption ofhigh-excitation water transitions (H$_2$O $4_{2,3}-4_{1,4}$ and H$_2$O$3_{3,0}-3_{2,1}$) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array(ALMA). The host galaxy is one of the most powerful starburst galaxies at highredshift (star formation rate; SFR $\sim3,600$M$_\odot$year$^{-1}$), with anextremely compact ($\sim320$pc) star formation region and a star formation ratesurface density ($\Sigma_{SFR}\sim5,500$M$_{\odot}~$year$^{-1}~$kpc$^{-2}$)five times higher than `maximum' (i.e. Eddington-limited) starbursts, implyinga highly transient phase. The estimated outflow rate is$\sim500$M$_{\odot}$year$^{-1}$, which is much lower than the SFR, implyingthat in this extreme starburst the outflow capabilities saturate and theoutflow is no longer capable of regulating star formation, resulting in arunaway process in which star formation will use up all available gas in lessthan 30Myr. Finally, while previous kinematic investigations of this sourcerevealed possible evidence for an ongoing major merger, the coincidence of thehyper-compact starburst and high-excitation water absorption indicates thatthis is a single starburst galaxy surrounded by a disc.

Detection of a high-redshift molecular outflow in a primeval hyperstarburst galaxy