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The Sun-like star Kepler-160 (KOI-456) has been known to host two transitingplanets, Kepler-160 b and c, of which planet c shows substantial transit-timingvariations (TTVs). We used the archival Kepler photometry of Kepler-160 tosearch for additional transiting planets using a combination of our Wotandetrending algorithm and our transit least-squares (TLS) detection algorithm.We also used the Mercury N-body gravity code to study the orbital dynamics ofthe system. First, we recovered the known transit series of planets Kepler-160b and c. Then we found a new transiting candidate with a radius of 1.91 (+0.17,-0.14) Earth radii (R_ear), an orbital period of 378.417 (+0.028, -0.025) d,and Earth-like insolation. The vespa software predicts that this signal has anastrophysical false-positive probability of FPP_3 = 1.8e-3 when themultiplicity of the system is taken into account. Kepler vetting diagnosticsyield a multiple event statistic of MES = 10.7, which corresponds to an ~85 %reliability against false alarms due to instrumental artifacts such as rollingbands. We are also able to explain the observed TTVs of planet c with thepresence of a previously unknown planet. The period and mass of this newplanet, however, do not match the period and mass of the new transit candidate.Our Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations of the TTVs of Kepler-160 c can beconclusively explained by a new nontransiting planet with a mass between about1 and 100 Earth masses and an orbital period between about 7 and 50 d. Weconclude that Kepler-160 has at least three planets, one of which is thenontransiting planet Kepler-160 d. The expected stellar radial velocityamplitude caused by this new planet ranges between about 1 and 20 m/s. We alsofind the super-Earth-sized transiting planet candidate KOI-456.04 in thehabitable zone of this system, which could be the fourth planet.

astronomy and astrophysics

Transit least-squares survey -- III. A $1.9\,R_\oplus$ transit candidate  in the habitable zone of Kepler-160 and a nontransiting planet characterized  by transit-timing variations