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Observations of the Earthshine off the Moon allow for the unique opportunityto measure the large-scale Earth atmosphere. Another opportunity is realizedduring a total lunar eclipse which, if seen from the Moon, is like a transit ofthe Earth in front of the Sun. We thus aim at transmission spectroscopy of anEarth transit by tracing the solar spectrum during the total lunar eclipse ofJanuary 21, 2019. Time series spectra of the Tycho crater were taken with thePotsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) at the LargeBinocular Telescope (LBT) in its polarimetric mode in Stokes IQUV at a spectralresolution of 130000 (0.06 \AA). In particular, the spectra cover the red partsof the optical spectrum between 7419-9067 \AA . The spectrograph's exposuremeter was used to obtain a light curve of the lunar eclipse. The brightness ofthe Moon dimmed by 10.75 mag during umbral eclipse. We found both branches ofthe O$_2$ A-band almost completely saturated as well as a strong increase ofH$_2$O absorption during totality. The deep penumbral spectra show significantexcess absorption from the NaI 5890 \AA doublet, the CaII infrared tripletaround 8600 \AA, and the KI line at 7699 \AA in addition to severalhyper-fine-structure lines of MnI and even from BaII. The detections of thelatter two elements are likely due to an untypical solar center-to-limb effectrather than Earth's atmosphere. The absorption in CaII and KI remained visiblethroughout umbral eclipse. A small continuum polarization of the O$_2$ A-bandof 0.12\% during umbral eclipse was detected at 6.3$\sigma$. No linepolarization of the O$_2$ A-band, or any other spectral-line feature, isdetected outside nor inside eclipse. It places an upper limit of $\approx$0.2\%on the degree of line polarization during transmission through Earth'satmosphere and magnetosphere.

High-resolution spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry of the total lunar eclipse January 2019