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Molecular oxygen, nitrogen, and ozone have been detected in the Solar System.They are also expected to be present in ice-grain mantles within star-formingregions. Laboratory experiments that simulate energetic processing (ions,photons, and electrons) of ices are essential for interpreting and directingfuture astronomical observations. We provide VUV photoabsorption spectroscopicdata of energetically processed nitrogen- and oxygen-rich ices that will helpto identify absorption bands and/or spectral slopes observed on icy objects inthe Solar System and on ice-grain mantles of the interstellar medium. Wepresent VUV photoabsorption spectra of frozen O2 and N2, a 1:1 mixture of both,and a new systematic set of pure and mixed nitrogen oxide ices. Spectra wereobtained at 22 K before and after 1 keV electron bombardment of the ice sample.Ices were then annealed to higher temperatures to study their thermalevolution. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used as asecondary probe of molecular synthesis to better identify the physical andchemical processes at play. Our VUV data show that ozone and the azide radical(N3) are observed in our experiments after electron irradiation of pure O2 andN2 ices, respectively. Energetic processing of an O2:N2 = 1:1 ice mixture leadsto the formation of ozone along with a series of nitrogen oxides. The electronirradiation of solid nitrogen oxides, pure and in mixtures, induces theformation of new species such as O2, N2 , and other nitrogen oxides not presentin the initial ice. Results are discussed here in light of their relevance tovarious astrophysical environments. Finally, we show that VUV spectra of solidNO2 and water can reproduce the observational VUV profile of the cold surfaceof Enceladus, Dione, and Rhea, strongly suggesting the presence of nitrogenoxides on the surface of the icy Saturn moons.

Vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectroscopy of space-related ices: 1 keV electron irradiation of nitrogen- and oxygen-rich ices