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X-ray radiation from accreting compact objects is an important part ofstellar feedback. The metal-poor galaxy ESO 338-4 has experienced vigorousstarburst during the last 40 Myr and contains some of the most massive superstar clusters in the nearby Universe. Given its starburst age and itsstar-formation rate, ESO 338-4 is one of the most efficient nearby manufacturesof neutron stars and black holes, hence providing an excellent laboratory forfeedback studies. We compared X-ray images and spectra obtained by XMM-Newtonand Chandra telescopes with integral field spectroscopic VLT MUSE observationsin the optical to constrain the nature of strong X-ray emitters. X-rayobservations uncover three ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in ESO 338-4. Thebrightest among them, ESO 338~X-1, has X-ray luminosity in excess of 10^{40}erg/s. We speculate that ESO 338-4 is powered by accretion on anintermediate-mass (~300Msun) black hole. We show that X-ray radiation from ULXsand hot superbubbles strongly contributes to HeII ionization and generalstellar feedback in this template starburst galaxy.

astronomy and astrophysics

On the contribution of ULXs to stellar feedback: an intermediate mass  black hole candidate and the population of ULXs in the low-metallicity  starburst galaxy ESO 338-4