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Context. The chemical tagging technique is a promising approach toreconstruct the history of the Galaxy by only using stellar chemicalabundances. Different studies have undertaken this analysis and they raisedseveral challenges.  Aims. Using a sample of open clusters stars, we wish to address two issues:minimize chemical abundance differences which origin is linked to theevolutionary stage of the stars and not their original composition; evaluate aphylogenetic approach to group stars based on their chemical composition.  Methods. We derived differential chemical abundances for 207 stars (belongingto 34 open clusters) using the Sun as reference star (classical approach) and adwarf plus a giant star from the open cluster M67 as reference (new approach).These abundances were then used to perform two phylogenetic analyses,cladistics (Maximum Parsimony) and Neighbour-Joining, together with apartitioning unsupervised classification analysis with k-means. The resultinggroupings were finally confronted to the true open cluster memberships of thestars.  Results. We successfully reconstruct most of the original open clusters whencarefully selecting a subset of the abundances derived differentially withrespect to M67. We find a set of eight chemical elements that yields the bestresult, and discuss the possible reasons for them to be good tracers of thehistory of the Galaxy.  Conclusions. Our study shows that unraveling the history of the Galaxy byonly using stellar chemical abundances is greatly improved provided that i) weperform a differential spectroscopic analysis with respect to an open clusterinstead of the Sun, ii) select the chemical elements that are good tracers ofthe history of the Galaxy, and iii) use tools that are adapted to detectevolutionary tracks such as phylogenetic approaches.

A phylogenetic approach to chemical tagging. Reassembling open cluster stars