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We report the first scientific results from the NELIOTA (NEO Lunar Impactsand Optical TrAnsients) project, which has recently begun lunar monitoringobservations with the 1.2-m Kryoneri telescope. NELIOTA aims to detect faintimpact flashes produced by near-Earth meteoroids and asteroids and thereby helpconstrain the size-frequency distribution of near-Earth objects in thedecimeter to meter range. The NELIOTA setup, consisting of two fast-framecameras observing simultaneously in the $R$ and $I-$bands, enables - for thefirst time - direct analytical calculation of the flash temperatures. Wepresent the first 10 flashes detected, for which we find temperatures in therange ~1,600-3,100 K, in agreement with theoretical values. Two of theseflashes were detected on multiple frames in both filters and therefore yieldthe first measurements of the temperature drop for lunar flashes. In addition,we compute the impactor masses, which range between ~100 g and ~50 kg.

NELIOTA: First temperature measurement of lunar impact flashes