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The injection, propagation and arrival of solar energetic particles (SEPs)during eruptive solar events is an important and current research topic ofheliospheric physics. During the largest solar events, particles may haveenergies up to a few GeVs and sometimes even trigger ground-level enhancements(GLEs) at Earth. We study the first GLE-event of solar cycle 24, from 17th May2012, using data from multiple spacecraft (SOHO, GOES, MSL, STEREO-A, STEREO-Band MESSENGER). These spacecraft are located throughout the inner heliosphere,at heliocentric distances between 0.34 and 1.5 astronomical units (au),covering nearly the whole range of heliospheric longitudes. We present andinvestigate sub-GeV proton time profiles for the event at several energychannels, obtained via different instruments aboard the above spacecraft. Weinvestigate issues due to magnetic connectivity, and present results ofthree-dimensional SEP propagation simulations. We gather virtual time profilesand perform qualitative and quantitative comparisons with observations,assessing longitudinal injection and transport effects as well as peakintensities. We distinguish different time profile shapes for well-connectedand weakly connected observers, and find our onset time analysis to agree withthis distinction. At select observers, we identify an additional low-energycomponent of Energetic Storm Particles (ESPs). Using well-connected observersfor normalisation, our simulations are able to accurately recreate both timeprofile shapes and peak intensities at multiple observer locations. Thissynergetic approach combining numerical modeling with multi-spacecraftobservations is crucial for understanding the propagation of SEPs within theinterplanetary magnetic field. Our novel analysis provides valuable proof ofthe ability to simulate SEP propagation throughout the inner heliosphere, at awide range of longitudes.

Multi-spacecraft observations and transport simulations of solar energetic particles for the May 17th 2012 event