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We reveal multiple components of an interacting galaxy system at$z\approx3.35$ through a detailed analysis of the exquisite high-resolutionKeck/HIRES spectrum of the afterglow of a gamma-ray burst (GRB). ThroughVoigt-profile fitting of absorption lines from the Lyman-series, we constrainthe neutral hydrogen column density to $N_{\mathrm{HI}} \leq 10^{18.35}$cm$^{-2}$ for the densest of four distinct systems at the host redshift ofGRB~080810, among the lowest $N_{\mathrm{HI}}$ ever observed in a GRB host,despite the line of sight passing within a projected 5 kpc of the galaxycentres. By detailed analysis of the corresponding metal absorption lines, wederive chemical, ionic and kinematic properties of the individual absorbingsystems, and thus build a picture of the host as a whole. Striking differencesbetween the systems imply that the line of sight passes through several phasesof gas: the star-forming regions of the GRB host; enriched material in the formof a galactic outflow; the hot and ionised halo of a second, interacting galaxyfalling towards the host at a line-of-sight velocity of 700 km s$^{-1}$; and acool, metal-poor cloud which may represent one of the best candidates yet forthe inflow of metal-poor gas from the intergalactic medium.

Gas inflow and outflow in an interacting high-redshift galaxy: The remarkable host environment of GRB 080810 at $z=3.35$