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Studies of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies in nearby clusters haverevealed a sub-population of extremely diffuse galaxies with central surfacebrightness $\mu_{0,g'}$ > 24 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ and effective radius between 1.5kpc < R$_{e}$ < 10 kpc. The origin of these Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs) isstill unclear, although several theories have been suggested. We exploit thedeep g', r' and i'-band images of the Fornax Deep Survey (FDS), in order toidentify LSB galaxies in the center of the Fornax cluster. We identifiedvisually all extended structures having r'-band central surface brightness of$\mu_{0,r'}$ > 23 mag arcsec$^{-2}$. We classified the objects based on theirappearance and performed 2D S\'ersic model fitting with GALFIT. We analyzedtheir distribution and orientations in the cluster, and studied their colorsand compared the LSB galaxies in Fornax with those in other environments. Oursample consists of 205 galaxies of which 196 are LSB dwarfs (with R$_e$ <1.5kpc) and nine are UDGs (R$_e$ > 1.5 kpc). We show that the UDGs have g'-r'colors similar to those of LSB dwarfs. The largest UDGs in our sample appeardifferent from the other LSB galaxies, in that they are significantly moreelongated and extended, whereas the smaller UDGs differ from the LSB dwarfsonly by their effective radii. We do not find clear differences between thestructural parameters of the UDGs in our sample and those of UDGs in othergalaxy environments. We find that the dwarf LSB galaxies in our sample are lessconcentrated in the cluster center than the galaxies with higher surfacebrightness, and that their number density drops in the core of the cluster. Ourfindings are consistent with the small UDGs forming the tail of a continuousdistribution of less extended LSB galaxies. However, the elongated anddistorted shapes of the large UDGs could imply that they are tidally disturbedgalaxies.

astronomy and astrophysics

The Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) with the VST: III. Low Surface Brightness  (LSB) dwarfs and Ultra Diffuse Galaxies (UDGs) in the center of the Fornax  cluster