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We present new evidence for eight early-type galaxies (ETGs) from the CALIFASurvey that show clear rotation around their major photometric axis ("prolaterotation"). These are LSBCF560-04, NGC 0647, NGC 0810, NGC 2484, NGC 4874, NGC5216, NGC 6173 and NGC 6338. Including NGC 5485, a known case of an ETG withstellar prolate rotation, as well as UGC 10695, a further possible candidatefor prolate rotation, we report ten CALIFA galaxies in total that show evidencefor such a feature in their stellar kinematics. Prolate rotators correspond to~9% of the volume-corrected sample of CALIFA ETGs, a fraction much higher thanpreviously reported. We find that prolate rotation is more common among themost massive ETGs. We investigate the implications of these findings bystudying N-body merger simulations, and show that a prolate ETG with rotationaround its major axis could be the result of a major polar merger, with theamplitude of prolate rotation depending on the initial bulge-to-total stellarmass ratio of its progenitor galaxies. Additionally, we find that prolate ETGsresulting from this formation scenario show a correlation between their stellarline-of-sight velocity and higher order moment h_3, opposite to typical oblateETGs, as well as a double peak of their stellar velocity dispersion along theirminor axis. Finally, we investigate the origin of prolate rotation in polargalaxy merger remnants. Our findings suggest that prolate rotation in massiveETGs might be more common than previously expected, and can help towards abetter understanding of their dynamical structure and formation origin.

CALIFA reveals Prolate Rotation in Massive Early-type Galaxies: A Polar Galaxy Merger Origin?