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We present the first extensive spectroscopic study of the global populationin star clusters Trumpler~16, Trumpler~14 and Collinder~232 in the CarinaNebula, using data from the Gaia-ESO Survey, down to solar-mass stars. Inaddition to the standard homogeneous Survey data reduction, a specialprocessing was applied here because of the bright nebulosity surrounding Carinastars. We find about four hundred good candidate members ranging from OB typesdown to slightly sub-solar masses. About one-hundred heavily-reddenedearly-type Carina members found here were previously unrecognized or poorlyclassified, including two candidate O stars and several candidate Herbig Ae/Bestars. Their large brightness makes them useful tracers of the obscured Carinapopulation. The spectroscopically-derived temperatures for nearly 300 low-massmembers allows the inference of individual extinction values, and the study ofthe relative placement of stars along the line of sight. We find a complexspatial structure, with definite clustering of low-mass members around the mostmassive stars, and spatially-variable extinction. By combining the new datawith existing X-ray data we obtain a more complete picture of thethree-dimensional spatial structure of the Carina clusters, and of theirconnection to bright and dark nebulosity, and UV sources. The identification oftens of background giants enables us also to determine the total optical depthof the Carina nebula along many sightlines. We are also able to put constraintson the star-formation history of the region, with Trumpler~14 stars found to besystematically younger than stars in other sub-clusters. We find a largepercentage of fast-rotating stars among Carina solar-mass members, whichprovide new constraints on the rotational evolution of pre-main-sequence starsin this mass range.

Gaia-ESO Survey: global properties of clusters Trumpler 14 and 16 in the Carina Nebula