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During the transition from solar cycle 23 to 24 from 2006 to 2009, the Sunwas in an unusual solar minimum with very low activity over a long period.These exceptional conditions included a very low interplanetary magnetic field(IMF) strength and a high tilt angle, which both play an important role in themodulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the heliosphere. Thus, the radialand latitudinal gradients of GCRs are very much expected to depend not only onthe solar magnetic epoch, but also on the overall modulation level. Wedetermine the non-local radial and the latitudinal gradients of protons in therigidity range from ~0.45 to 2 GV. This was accomplished by using data from thesatellite-borne experiment Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration andLight-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) at Earth and the Kiel Electron Telescope(KET) onboard Ulysses on its highly inclined Keplerian orbit around the Sunwith the aphelion at Jupiter's orbit. In comparison to the previous A>0 solarmagnetic epoch, we find that the absolute value of the latitudinal gradient islower at higher and higher at lower rigidities. This energy dependence istherefore a crucial test for models that describe the cosmic ray transport inthe inner heliosphere.

Spatial gradients of GCR protons in the inner heliosphere derived from Ulysses COSPIN/KET and PAMELA measurements