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We study metal depletion due to dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) toinfer the properties of dust grains and characterize the metal and dust contentof galaxies, down to low metallicity and intermediate redshift z. We providemetal column densities and abundances of a sample of 70 damped Lyman-{\alpha}absorbers (DLAs) towards quasars, observed at high spectral resolution with theVery Large Telescope (VLT) Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES).This is the largest sample of phosphorus abundances measured in DLAs so far. Weuse literature measurements for Galactic clouds to cover the high-metallicityend. We discover tight (scatter <= 0.2 dex) correlations between [Zn/Fe] andthe observed relative abundances from dust depletion. This implies that graingrowth in the ISM is an important process of dust production. These sequencesare continuous in [Zn/Fe] from dust-free to dusty DLAs, and to Galactic clouds,suggesting that the availability of refractory metals in the ISM is crucial fordust production, regardless of the star formation history. We observe [S/Zn] upto ~ 0.25 dex in DLAs, which is broadly consistent with Galactic stellarabundances. Furthermore, we find a good agreement between the nucleosyntheticpattern of Galactic halo stars and our observations of the least dusty DLAs.This supports recent star formation in low-metallicity DLAs. The deriveddepletions of Zn, O, P, S, Si, Mg, Mn, Cr, and Fe correlate with [Zn/Fe], withsteeper slopes for more refractory elements. P is mostly not affected by dustdepletion. We present canonical depletion patterns, to be used as reference infuture studies of relative abundances and depletion. We derive the total(dust-corrected) metallicity, typically -2 <= [M/H]tot <= 0 for DLAs, andscattered around solar metallicity for the Galactic ISM. The dust-to-metalratio increases with metallicity... [abridged]

Dust-depletion sequences in damped Lyman-{\alpha} absorbers: a unified picture from low-metallicity systems to the Galaxy