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[Abridged] We use the Planck all-sky submm and mm maps to search for raresources distinguished by extreme brightness, a few hundreds of mJy, and theirpotential for being situated at high redshift. These "cold" Planck sources,selected using the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) directly from the maps andfrom the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS), all satisfy the criterionof having their rest-frame far-infrared peak redshifted to the frequency range353 and 857 GHz. This colour-selection favours galaxies in the redshift rangez=2-4, which we consider as cold peaks in the cosmic infrared background (CIB).We perform a dedicated Herschel-SPIRE follow-up of 234 such Planck targets,finding a significant excess of red 350 and 500um sources, in comparison toreference SPIRE fields. About 94% of the SPIRE sources in the Planck fields areconsistent with being overdensities of galaxies peaking at 350um. About 3% arecandidate lensed systems, all 12 of which have secure spectroscopicconfirmations, placing them at redshifts z>2.2. The galaxy overdensities aredetected with high significance, half of the sample showing statisticalsignificance above 10sigma. The SPIRE photometric redshifts of galaxies inoverdensities suggest a peak at z~2. Under the Td=35K assumption, we derive aninfrared (IR) luminosity for each SPIRE source of about 4x10^12 Lsun, yieldingstar formation rates of typically 700 Msun.yr^-1. If the observed overdensitiesare actual gravitationally-bound structures, the total total star formationrates reaches 7x10^3 Msun.yr^-1. Taken together, these sources show thesignatures of high-z (z>$) protoclusters of intensively star-forming galaxies.All these observations confirm the uniqueness of our sample and demonstrate theability of the all-sky Planck-HFI cold sources to select populations ofcosmological and astrophysical interest for structure formation studies.

astronomy and astrophysics

Planck intermediate results. XXVII. High-redshift infrared galaxy  overdensity candidates and lensed sources discovered by Planck and confirmed  by Herschel-SPIRE