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We study how diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) measured towarddistance-distributed target stars can be used to locate dense interstellar (IS)clouds in the Galaxy and probe a line-of-sight (LOS) kinematical structure, apotential useful tool when gaseous absorption lines are saturated or notavailable in the spectral range. Cool target stars are numerous enough for thispurpose. We have devised automated DIB fitting methods appropriate to cool starspectra and multiple IS components. The data is fitted with a combination of asynthetic stellar spectrum, a synthetic telluric transmission, and empiricalDIB profiles. In parallel, stellar distances and extinctions are estimatedself-consistently by means of a 2D Bayesian method, fromspectroscopically-derived stellar parameters and photometric data. We haveanalyzed Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) and previously recorded spectra that probebetween $\sim$ 2 and 10 kpc long LOS in five different regions of the MilkyWay. Depending on the observed spectral intervals, we extracted one or more ofthe following DIBs: $\lambda\lambda$ 6283.8, 6613.6 and 8620.4. For each field,we compared the DIB strengths with the Bayesian distances and extinctions, andthe DIB Doppler velocities with the HI emission spectra. For all fields, theDIB strength and the target extinction are well correlated. In case of targetswidely distributed in distance, marked steps in DIBs and extinction radialdistance profiles match with each other and broadly correspond to the expectedlocations of spiral arms. For all fields, the DIB velocity structure agreeswith HI emission spectra and all detected DIBs correspond to strong NaI lines.This illustrates how DIBs can be used to locate the Galactic interstellar gasand to study its kinematics at the kpc scale.

astronomy and astrophysics

The Gaia-ESO Survey: Extracting diffuse interstellar bands from cool  star spectra, DIB-based interstellar medium line-of-sight structures at the  kpc scale