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[Abridged] We characterise a massive proto-cluster at z=2.895 that we foundin the COSMOS field using the spectroscopic sample of the VIMOS Ultra-DeepSurvey (VUDS). This is one of the rare structures at z~3 not identified aroundAGNs or radio galaxies, so it is an ideal laboratory to study galaxy formationin dense environments. The structure comprises 12 galaxies with securespectroscopic redshift in an area of 7'x8', in a z bin of Dz=0.016. Themeasured galaxy number overdensity is delta_g=12+/-2. This overdensity hastotal mass of M~8.1x10^(14)M_sun in a volume of 13x15x17 Mpc^3. Simulationsindicate that such an overdensity at z~2.9 is a proto-cluster that willcollapse in a cluster of total mass M~2.5x10^(15)M_sun at z=0. We compare theproperties of the galaxies within the overdensity with a control sample at thesame z but outside the overdensity. We did not find any statisticallysignificant difference between the properties (stellar mass, SFR, sSFR, NUV-r,r-K) of the galaxies inside and outside the overdensity. The stacked spectrumof galaxies in the overdensity background shows a significant absorptionfeature at the wavelength of Lya redshifted at z=2.895 (lambda=4736 A), with arest frame EW = 4+/- 1.4 A. Stacking only background galaxies withoutintervening sources at z~2.9 along their line of sight, we find that thisabsorption feature has a rest frame EW of 10.8+/-3.7 A, with a detection S/N of~4. These EW values imply a high column density (N(HI)~3-20x10^(19)cm^(-2)),consistent with a scenario where such absorption is due to intervening cold gasstreams, falling into the halo potential wells of the proto-cluster galaxies.However, we cannot exclude the hypothesis that this absorption is due to thediffuse gas within the overdensity.

Discovery of a rich proto-cluster at z=2.9 and associated diffuse cold gas in the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS)