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High levels of horizontal magnetic flux have been reported in the quiet-Suninternetwork, often based on Stokes profile inversions. Here we introduce a newmethod for deducing the inclination of magnetic elements and use it to testmagnetic field inclinations from inversions. We determine accurate positions ofa set of small, bright magnetic elements in high spatial resolution imagessampling different photospheric heights obtained by the Sunrise balloon-bornesolar observatory. Together with estimates of the formation heights of theemployed spectral bands, these provide us with the inclinations of the magneticfeatures. We also compute the magnetic inclination angle of the same magneticfeatures from the inversion of simultaneously recorded Stokes parameters. Ournew, geometric method returns nearly vertical fields (average inclination ofaround 14 deg with a relatively narrow distribution having a standard deviationof 6 deg). In strong contrast to this, the traditionally used inversions givealmost horizontal fields (average inclination of 75+-8 deg) for the same smallmagnetic features, whose linearly polarised Stokes profiles are adverselyaffected by noise. The almost vertical field of bright magnetic features fromour geometric method is clearly incompatible with the nearly horizontalmagnetic fields obtained from the inversions. This indicates that the amount ofmagnetic flux in horizontal fields deduced from inversions is overestimated inthe presence of weak Stokes signals, in particular if Stokes Q and U are closeto or under the noise level. By combining the proposed method with inversionswe are not just improving the inclination, but also the field strength. Thistechnique allows us to analyse features that are not reliably treated byinversions, thus greatly extending our capability to study the completemagnetic field of the quiet Sun.

Inclinations of small quiet-Sun magnetic features based on a new geometric approach