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We use an unprecedented data-set of about 600 redshifts for cluster members,obtained as part of a VLT/VIMOS large programme, to constrain the mass profileof the z=0.44 cluster MACS J1206.2-0847 over the radial range 0-5 Mpc (0-2.5virial radii) using the MAMPOSSt and Caustic methods. We then add externalconstraints from our previous gravitational lensing analysis. We invert theJeans equation to obtain the velocity-anisotropy profiles of cluster members.With the mass-density and velocity-anisotropy profiles we then obtain the firstdetermination of a cluster pseudo-phase-space density profile. The kinematicsand lensing determinations of the cluster mass profile are in excellentagreement. This is very well fitted by a NFW model with mass M200=(1.4 +- 0.2)10^15 Msun and concentration c200=6 +- 1, only slightly higher than theoreticalexpectations. Other mass profile models also provide acceptable fits to ourdata, of (slightly) lower (Burkert, Hernquist, and Softened Isothermal Sphere)or comparable (Einasto) quality than NFW. The velocity anisotropy profiles ofthe passive and star-forming cluster members are similar, close to isotropicnear the center and increasingly radial outside. Passive cluster members followextremely well the theoretical expectations for the pseudo-phase-space densityprofile and the relation between the slope of the mass-density profile and thevelocity anisotropy. Star-forming cluster members show marginal deviations fromtheoretical expectations. This is the most accurate determination of a clustermass profile out to a radius of 5 Mpc, and the only determination of thevelocity-anisotropy and pseudo-phase-space density profiles of both passive andstar-forming galaxies for an individual cluster [abridged]

CLASH-VLT: The mass, velocity-anisotropy, and pseudo-phase-space density profiles of the z=0.44 galaxy cluster MACS 1206.2-0847