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Context. The interaction between stellar winds and the interstellar medium(ISM) can create complex bow shocks. The photometers on board the HerschelSpace Observatory are ideally suited to studying the morphologies of these bowshocks. Aims. We aim to study the circumstellar environment and wind-ISMinteraction of the nearest red supergiant, Betelgeuse. Methods. Herschel PACSimages at 70, 100, and 160 micron and SPIRE images at 250, 350, and 500 micronwere obtained by scanning the region around Betelgeuse. These data werecomplemented with ultraviolet GALEX data, near-infrared WISE data, and radio 21cm GALFA-HI data. The observational properties of the bow shock structure werededuced from the data and compared with hydrodynamical simulations. Results.The infrared Herschel images of the environment around Betelgeuse arespectacular, showing the occurrence of multiple arcs at 6-7 arcmin from thecentral target and the presence of a linear bar at 9 arcmin. Remarkably, nolarge-scale instabilities are seen in the outer arcs and linear bar. The dusttemperature in the outer arcs varies between 40 and 140 K, with the linear barhaving the same colour temperature as the arcs. The inner envelope shows clearevidence of a non-homogeneous clumpy structure (beyond 15 arcsec), probablyrelated to the giant convection cells of the outer atmosphere. Thenon-homogeneous distribution of the material even persists until the collisionwith the ISM. A strong variation in brightness of the inner clumps at a radiusof 2 arcmin suggests a drastic change in mean gas and dust density some 32 000yr ago. Using hydrodynamical simulations, we try to explain the observedmorphology of the bow shock around Betelgeuse. Conclusions: [abbreviated]

astronomy and astrophysics

The enigmatic nature of the circumstellar envelope and bow shock  surrounding Betelgeuse as revealed by Herschel. I. Evidence of clumps,  multiple arcs, and a linear bar-like structure