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Observational galaxy cluster studies at z>1.5 probe the formation of thefirst massive M>10^14 Msun dark matter halos, the early thermal history of thehot ICM, and the emergence of the red-sequence population of quenchedearly-type galaxies. We present first results for the newly discovered X-rayluminous galaxy cluster XMMU J1007.4+1237 at z=1.555, detected and confirmed bythe XMM-Newton Distant Cluster Project (XDCP) survey. We selected the system asa serendipitous weak extended X-ray source in XMM-Newton archival data andfollowed it up with two-band near-infrared imaging and deep opticalspectroscopy. We can establish XMMU J1007.4+1237 as a spectroscopicallyconfirmed, massive, bona fide galaxy cluster with a bolometric X-ray luminosityof Lx=(2.1+-0.4)\times 10^44 erg/s, a red galaxy population centered on theX-ray emission, and a central radio-loud brightest cluster galaxy. However, wesee evidence for the first time that the massive end of the galaxy populationand the cluster red-sequence are not yet fully in place. In particular, we findongoing starburst activity for the third ranked galaxy close to the center andanother slightly fainter object. At a lookback time of 9.4Gyr, the clustergalaxy population appears to be caught in an important evolutionary phase,prior to full star-formation quenching and mass assembly in the core region.X-ray selection techniques are an efficient means of identifying and probingthe most distant clusters without any prior assumptions about their galaxycontent.

The X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XMMU J1007.4+1237 at z=1.56 - The dawn of starburst activity in cluster cores