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The interstellar medium (ISM) has a multiphase structure characterized bygas, dust and molecules. The gas can be found in different charge states:neutral, low-ionized (warm) and high-ionized (hot). It is possible to probe themultiphase ISM through the observation of its absorption lines and edges in theX-ray spectra of background sources. We present a high-quality RGS spectrum ofthe low-mass X-ray binary GS 1826-238 with an unprecedent detailed treatment ofthe absorption features due to the dust and both the neutral and ionized gas ofthe ISM. We constrain the column density ratios within the different phases ofthe ISM and measure the abundances of elements such as O, Ne, Fe and Mg. Wefound significant deviations from the proto-Solar abundances: oxygen isover-abundant by a factor 1.23 +/- 0.05, neon 1.75 +/- 0.11, iron 1.37 +/- 0.17and magnesium 2.45 +/- 0.35. The abundances are consistent with the measuredmetallicity gradient in our Galaxy: the ISM appears to be metal-rich in theinner regions. The spectrum also shows the presence of warm/hot ionized gas.The gas column has a total ionization degree less than 10%. We also show thatdust plays an important role as expected from the position of GS 1826-238: mostiron appears to be bound in dust grains, while 10-40% of oxygen consists of amixture of dust and molecules.

High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of the Interstellar Medium