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Solar colors have been determined on the uvby-$\beta$ photometric system totest absolute solar fluxes, to examine colors predicted by model atmospheres asa function of stellar parameters (Teff, log g, [Fe/H]), and to probezero-points of Teff and metallicity scales.  New uvby-$\beta$ photometry is presented for 73 solar-twin candidates. Moststars of our sample have also been observed spectroscopically to obtainaccurate stellar parameters. Using the stars that most closely resemble theSun, and complementing our data with photometry available in the literature,the solar colors on the uvby-$\beta$ system have been inferred. Our solarcolors are compared with synthetic solar colors computed from absolute solarspectra and from the latest Kurucz (ATLAS9) and MARCS model atmospheres. Thezero-points of different Teff and metallicity scales are verified andcorrections are proposed.  The Teff calibration of Alonso and collaborators has the poorest performance(~140 K off), while the relation of Casagrande et al. (2010) is the mostaccurate (within 10 K). We confirm that the Ramirez & Melendez (2005) uvbymetallicity calibration, recommended by \'Arnad\'ottir et al. (2010) to obtain[Fe/H] in F, G, and K dwarfs, needs a small (~10%) zero-point correction toplace the stars and the Sun on the same metallicity scale. Finally, we confirmthat the c_1 index in solar analogs has a strong metallicity sensitivity.

uvby-$\beta$ photometry of solar twins: the solar colors, model atmospheres, and the Teff and metallicity scales