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In the borders of the dead zones of protoplanetary disks, the inflow of gasproduces a local density maximum that triggers the Rossby wave instability. Thevortices that form are efficient in trapping solids. We aim to assess thepossibility of gravitational collapse of the solids within the Rossby vortices.We perform global simulations of the dynamics of gas and solids in a low massnon-magnetized self-gravitating thin protoplanetary disk with the Pencil code.We use multiple particle species of radius 1, 10, 30, and 100 cm. The dead zoneis modeled as a region of low viscosity. The Rossby vortices excited in theedges of the dead zone are very efficient particle traps. Within 5 orbits aftertheir appearance, the solids achieve critical density and undergo gravitationalcollapse into Mars sized objects. The velocity dispersions are of the order of10 m/s for newly formed embryos, later lowering to less than 1 m/s by dragforce cooling. After 200 orbits, 38 gravitationally bound embryos were formedinside the vortices, half of them being more massive than Mars. The embryos arecomposed primarily of same-sized particles. We conclude that the presence of adead zone naturally gives rise to a population of protoplanetary cores in themass range of 0.1-0.6 Earth masses, on very short timescales.

Embryos grown in the dead zone: Assembling the first protoplanetary cores in low mass self-gravitating circumstellar disks of gas and solids