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Purpose Gradual and sudden perturbations of vocal fundamental frequency ( f  o ), also known as adaptive and reflexive f  o perturbations, are techniques to study the influence of auditory feedback on voice f  o control mechanisms. Previous vocal f  o perturbations have incorporated varied setup-specific feedback delays and amplifications. Here, we investigated the effects of feedback delays (10-100 ms) and amplifications on both adaptive and reflexive f  o perturbation paradigms, encapsulating the variability in equipment-specific delays (3-45 ms) and amplifications utilized in previous experiments. Method Responses to adaptive and reflexive f  o perturbations were recorded in 24 typical speakers for four delay conditions (10, 40, 70, and 100 ms) or three amplification conditions (-10, +5, and +10 dB relative to microphone) in a counterbalanced order. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were carried out on the magnitude of f  o responses to determine the effect of feedback condition. Results There was a statistically significant effect of the level of auditory feedback amplification on the response magnitude during adaptive f  o perturbations, driven by the difference between +10- and -10-dB amplification conditions (hold phase difference: M = 38.3 cents, SD = 51.2 cents; after-effect phase: M = 66.1 cents, SD = 84.6 cents). No other statistically significant effects of condition were found for either paradigm. Conclusions Experimental equipment delays below 100 ms in behavioral paradigms do not affect the results of f  o perturbation paradigms. As there is no statistically significant difference between the response magnitudes elicited by +5- and +10-dB auditory amplification conditions, this study is a confirmation that an auditory feedback amplification of +5 dB relative to microphone is sufficient to elicit robust compensatory responses for f  o perturbation paradigms.

Auditory-Motor Perturbations of Voice Fundamental Frequency: Feedback Delay and Amplification