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The three diacylglycerol kinase isoenzymes (DGK alpha, DGK beta and DGK gamma) cloned so far contain in common a tandem repeat of EF-hand motifs. However, the Ca2+ dependences of the DGK activities are known to be variable between isoenzymes, and the Ca(2+)-binding activities of these motifs have not been tested except for those present in DGK alpha. We therefore attempted to define the intrinsic properties of EF-hands occurring in the DGK isoenzymes. For this purpose we bacterially expressed and purified the EF-hand motifs (termed DKE forms) of the three DGKs. Equilibrium dialysis with the purified DKE forms showed that all of the expressed proteins could bind approx. 2 mol of Ca2+ per mol. However, the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for calcium binding to alpha-DKE (9.9 microM) was an order of magnitude greater than those estimated for beta-DKE (0.89 microM) and gamma-DKE (0.40 microM). Experiments with 2-p-toluidinyl-naphthalene 6-sulphonate, a probe for hydrophobic regions of proteins, showed that the binding of Ca2+ to beta-DKE resulted in the exposure of hydrophobic amino acids, whereas hydrophobic regions of alpha-DKE and gamma-DKE were masked by the addition of Ca2+. Taken together, these results indicate that DGK alpha, DGK beta and DGK gamma possess EF-hand structures with intrinsic properties different from each other with respect to affinities for Ca2+ and Ca(2+)-induced conformational changes.

EF-hand motifs of α, β and γ isoforms of diacylglycerol kinase bind calcium with different affinities and conformational changes