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The tetrameric extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) in human tissues and plasma has previously been found to be heterogenous with regard to heparin affinity and could be divided into at least three classes: A, lacking heparin affinity; B, with weak affinity; and C, with strong affinity. Using rigorous extraction conditions and an extensive set of anti-proteolytic agents, tissue EC-SOD is now shown to be almost exclusively of native homotetrameric C-class. Plasma EC-SOD on the other hand is shown to be mainly composed of a complex mixture of heterotetramers with modifications probably residing in the C-terminal heparin-binding domain. Proteolytic truncations appear to be a major cause of this heterogeneity. The findings suggest that, since 99% of the EC-SOD in the human body exists in the extravascular space of tissue, EC-SOD is primarily synthesized in tissues and secreted as homotetrameric native EC-SOD C. This tissue EC-SOD C should exist almost completely sequestered by heparin sulphate proteoglycans. C-terminal modifications subsequently occurring in the EC-SOD C would weaken the binding to heparan sulphate proteoglycan, facilitate entrance to the vasculature through capillaries and lymph flow, and finally result in the heterogeneous plasma EC-SOD pattern. With the new extraction and analysis procedure, the tissue content of EC-SOD is found to be higher than previously reported. It is found, for example, when compared with Mn-SOD, to be higher in umbilical cord and uterus, about equal in placenta and testis and as high as that of CuZn-SOD in umbilical cord. The findings suggest that the protection level against superoxide radicals provided by EC-SOD in the tissue interstitial space, given the small distribution volume, is not much less prominent than that bestowed on the intracellular space by CuZn-SOD and Mn-SOD.

Heparin-affinity patterns and composition of extracellular superoxide dismutase in human plasma and tissues