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To extend previous observations on the mechanisms of translational regulation of insulin biosynthesis [Welsh, Scherberg, Gilmore &amp; Steiner (1986) Biochem. J. 235, 459-467], we have now compared the intracellular distributions of insulin mRNA after stimulation of insulin biosynthesis by glucose, leucine or theophylline. In comparison with low glucose (3.3 mM) only, the presence of 10 mM-leucine + 3.3 mM-glucose resulted in the transfer of insulin mRNA from the pool of the uninitiated mRNA to the free polysome/monosome fraction and an increase in the amount of insulin mRNA associated with the microsomal fraction. Islets exposed to 5 mM-theophylline + 3.3 mM-glucose also showed a decreased content of uninitiated insulin mRNA in the cytosol, but these islets showed no increase in insulin mRNA in the microsomal fraction. These results suggest that leucine, a nutrient stimulant of insulin biosynthesis, acts essentially by the same mechanisms as those of glucose, whereas theophylline acts only to stimulate initiation rates.

Mechanisms of leucine- and theophylline-stimulated insulin biosynthesis in isolated rat pancreatic islets