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Spectrophotometric measurements of bilirubin-IX alpha in water and in aqueous/organic solvent mixtures at pH 10.0 as a function of bilirubin-IX alpha concentration (approx. 0.6--400 microM) are consistent with the formation of dimers (KD - 1.5 microM) in dilute (less than 10 microM) aqueous solution and further self-aggregation to multimers at higher concentrations. Added urea (to 10M) and increases in temperature (to 62 degrees C) obliterate the dimer-multimer transition at 10 microM, but added NaCl (to 0.30 M) promotes strong aggregation of dimers over a narrow concentration range, suggesting a 'micellization' phenomenon. Concentrations of dioxan or ethanol greater than 60% (v/v) in water were required to obtain the absorption spectrum of bilirubin-IX alpha monomers, suggesting that both hydrophobic and electrostatic (pi-orbital) interactions are involved in stabilizing the dimeric state in water. Micellar concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulphate induced spectrophotometric shifts in the dimer absorption spectrum of bilirubin-IX alpha consistent with progressive partitioning of bilirubin-IX alpha monomers into a relatively non-polar region of the micelles and allowed a deduction of the apparent critical micellar concentration that closely approximated the literature values. The pattern of bilirubin IX alpha association with bile salts is complex, since the absorption spectrum shifts hypsochromically below and bathochromically above the critical micellar concentration of the bile salts. Consistent with these observations, bilirubin IX alpha appears to bind to the polar face of bile salt monomers and to the polar perimeter of small bile salt micelles. At higher bile salt concentrations some-bilirubin-IX alpha monomers partition into the hydrophobic interior of the bile salt micelles. Our results suggest that under physiological conditions the natural conjugates of bilirubin-IX alpha may exhibit similar physical chemical properties in bile, in that dimers, highly aggregated multimers and bile salt-associated monomers may co-exist.

Self-association of unconjugated bilirubin-IX α in aqueous solution at pH 10.0 and physical-chemical interactions with bile salt monomers and micelles