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Reaction of cholera toxin with NN'-bis(carboximidomethyl)tartaramide dimethyl ester produced several cross-linked species that had subunit B (which binds to the cell surface) and peptides A1 (which activates adenylate cyclase) and A2 all covalently joined together. This cross-linded material had activity with pigeon erythrocytes that was comparable in all respects with that of native toxin. It activated the adenylate cyclase of whole cells, showing a characteristic lag phase, and this activation was increased if the cells had been preincubated with ganglioside GM1, but abolished if the protein had been preincubated with the ganglioside. It activated the enzyme in lysed cells more strongly and without the lag phase. These results show that the toxin is active even when peptide A1 cannot be released from the rest of the molecule.

Activity of covalently cross-linked cholera toxin with the adenylate cyclase of intact and lysed pigeon erythrocytes