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A competitive labelling method (Kaplan et al., 1971), using tritiated 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as the labelling reagent, is described for determining the ionization constants and reactivities of individual histidine residues in proteins. When this method was applied to the two histidines of alpha-chymotrypsin, histidine-57 was found to have pK(a) 6.8 and a reactivity ten times that of alpha-N-acetyl-l-histidine. Histidine-40 had pK(a) 6.7 and a reactivity approximately six times that of alpha-N-acetyl-l-histidine. Between pH7.5 and 8 the reactivities of both histidines decrease simultaneously to approximately that of alpha-N-acetyl-l-histidine. The high reactivities of the histidines are attributed to hydrogen bonding, which increases the nucleophilicity of the imidazole ring. The sharp decrease in reactivity between pH7.5 and 8 is attributed to a conformational change that disrupts the hydrogen bonding by these residues. The reactivity data support the proposal of a charge-relay mechanism involving histidine-57 (Blow et al., 1969), which makes serine-195 more nucleophilic but indicates that this system is fully operative only in the enzyme-substate complex.

biochemical journal. cellular aspects

A competitive labelling method for determining the ionization constants and reactivity of individual histidine residues in proteins. The histidines of α-chymotrypsin